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26 February 2021
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26 February 2021
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Abstract
In this article I point out that a reformed or practical biblical theology of religion still needs to adapt to our contemporary era. In order to achieve that this research makes use of the efforts made by other people. I am going to focus on the central problem - the questions which I think pertain to religious theology. In the past much attention has been given among us to theological questions but not much has been done to build a system. Hendrik Kraemer was the first missionary to develop a more or less comprehensive theology of religion. One of the results of this research shows that Religion and religions, Christianity and non-Christianity, are phenomena and / or institutions that must be described, compared, and assessed.
Keywords
missiology
biblical theology
pluralism
theology of religion
exclusivism
inclusivism
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References
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Aetate, Nostra. Hilversum: Gooi En Sticht, 1966.
Armstrong, Karen. A History of God, Four Thousand Years of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. New York: Ballantine Books, 1995.
Bavinck, J. H. An Introduction to the Science of Missions. Translated by H. Freeman David. Philadelphia: The Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1960.
———. Religieus Besef En Christelijk Geloof. Kampen: Kok, 1989.
Blauw, J. Goden En Mensen: Plaats En Betekenis van de Heidenen in de Heilige Schrift. Groningen: Niemeijer, 1950.
———. “Rijmloos, Overwegingen Bij Het Thema: Evangelie En Religies.” In Christusprediking in de Wereld. Kampen: Kok, 1965.
Byrne, Peter. Prolegomena to Religious Pluralism: Reference and Realism in Religion. Houndmills: MacMillan Press Ltd, 1995.
Droogers, A. F. “‘De Minimale Religiosity van de Meerderheid’, [The Minimal Religiosity of the Majority].” In D. C. Mulder: Religies in Nieuw Perspectief,[Religions from a New Perspective] Offered to D. C. Mulder. Kampen: Kok, 1985.
Griffioen, D. Christelijke Zending En Wereldgodsdiensten: De Godsdiensttheologie van Gustav Warneck, Hendrik Kraemer En J. E. Lesslie Newbigin in Context. Zoetermeer: Boekencentrum, 2007.
Haak, C. J. Gereformeerde Missiologie & Oecumenica: Beknopt Overzicht Aan Het Begin van de 21e Eeuw A.D. Zwolle: De Verre Naasten, 2005.
Heim, S. Mark, ed. Grounds for Understanding: Ecumenical Resources for Responses to Religious Pluralism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995.
———. Salvations: Truth and Difference in Religion. Mary Knoll: Orbis Books, 1995.
———. The Depth of the Riches: A Trinitarian Theology of Religious Ends. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001.
Heislbetz, Josef. Theologische Gründe Der Nichtchristlichen Religionen, [Theological Grounds for Non-Christian Religions]. Basel: Wien, 1967.
Jongeneel, Jan A. B. Jesus Christ in World History: His Presence and Presentation in Cyclical and Linear Settings. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2009.
Kaufman, Gordon D. God, Mystery, Diversity: Christian Theology in a Pluralistic World. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1996.
———. In Face of Mystery: A Constructive Theology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Kraemer, H. “Continuity or Discontinuity.” In Tambaram Series Vol. 1. The Authority of the Faith. New York, 1939.
———. Godsdienst, Godsdiensten En Het Christelijk Geloof. Nijkerk: Callenbach, 1958.
———. Religion and the Christian Faith. London: Lutterworth Press, 1956.
Kraemer, Hendrik. The Christian Message in a Non-Christian World. London, 1938.
———. Waarom Nu Juist Het Christendom?[ Why Now Particularly Christianity?]. Nijkerk: Callenbach, 1960.
McGrath, Alister. The Open Secret: A New Vision for Natural Theology. Malden: Blackwell, 2009.
Newbigin, Lesslie. “The Basis, Purpose and Manner of Inter-Faith Dialogue.” In Scottish Journal of Theology, Vol. 30, 1967.
———. The Finality of Christ. London: SCM Press, 1969.
———. The Gospel in a Pluralist Society. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989.
Ogden, Schubert M. Is There Only One True Religion or Are There Many? Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1992.
Ohm, Thomas. Die Liebe Zu Gott in Den Nichtchristlichen Religionen. Freiburg, 1957.
Petter, Frank. Profanum et Promissio, Het Begrip Wereld in de Missionaire Ecclesiologie van Hans Hoekendijk, Hans Jochem Margull En Ernst Lange. Zoetermeer: Boekencentrum, 2002.
Plantinga, Richard J. “Missionary Thinking about Religious Plurality at Tambaram 1938: Hendrik Kraemer and His Critics.” In The Changing Face of Christianity: Africa, the West and the World, Oxford, edited by Lamin Sanneh and Joel A. Carpenter. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Ratzinger, Joseph. “Die Christliche Glaube Und Die Weltreligionen.” In Gott in Welt, K. Rahner on His 60th Birthday, edited by J. B. Metz, W. Kern, A. Darlapp, and H. Vorgrimler. Freiburg: Wien, 1964.
———. Faith, Truth and Tolerance: Christianity and the World Religions. Tielt: Lanoo, 2005.
———. Truth and Tolerance: Christian Belief and World Religions. Translated by Henry Taylor. San Fransisco: Ignatius Press, 2003.
Rescher, Nicholas. The Strife of Systems: An Essay on the Grounds and Implications of Philosophical Diversity. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985.
Ruokanen, Miikka. The Catholic Doctrine of Non-Christian Religions: According to the Second Vatican Council. Leiden: Brill, 1992.
Schmidt-Leukel, Perry. “Pluralism: How to Appreciate Religious Diversity Theologically.” In Christian Approaches to Other Faiths, edited by Paul M. Hedges and Alan Race. London: SCM Press, 2008.
Visser, Paul J. Heart for the Gospel, Heart for the World, The Life and Thought of a Reformed Pioneer Missiologist Johan Herman Bavinck (1895-1964). Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2003.
References
Aetate, Nostra. Hilversum: Gooi En Sticht, 1966.
Armstrong, Karen. A History of God, Four Thousand Years of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. New York: Ballantine Books, 1995.
Bavinck, J. H. An Introduction to the Science of Missions. Translated by H. Freeman David. Philadelphia: The Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1960.
———. Religieus Besef En Christelijk Geloof. Kampen: Kok, 1989.
Blauw, J. Goden En Mensen: Plaats En Betekenis van de Heidenen in de Heilige Schrift. Groningen: Niemeijer, 1950.
———. “Rijmloos, Overwegingen Bij Het Thema: Evangelie En Religies.” In Christusprediking in de Wereld. Kampen: Kok, 1965.
Byrne, Peter. Prolegomena to Religious Pluralism: Reference and Realism in Religion. Houndmills: MacMillan Press Ltd, 1995.
Droogers, A. F. “‘De Minimale Religiosity van de Meerderheid’, [The Minimal Religiosity of the Majority].” In D. C. Mulder: Religies in Nieuw Perspectief,[Religions from a New Perspective] Offered to D. C. Mulder. Kampen: Kok, 1985.
Griffioen, D. Christelijke Zending En Wereldgodsdiensten: De Godsdiensttheologie van Gustav Warneck, Hendrik Kraemer En J. E. Lesslie Newbigin in Context. Zoetermeer: Boekencentrum, 2007.
Haak, C. J. Gereformeerde Missiologie & Oecumenica: Beknopt Overzicht Aan Het Begin van de 21e Eeuw A.D. Zwolle: De Verre Naasten, 2005.
Heim, S. Mark, ed. Grounds for Understanding: Ecumenical Resources for Responses to Religious Pluralism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995.
———. Salvations: Truth and Difference in Religion. Mary Knoll: Orbis Books, 1995.
———. The Depth of the Riches: A Trinitarian Theology of Religious Ends. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001.
Heislbetz, Josef. Theologische Gründe Der Nichtchristlichen Religionen, [Theological Grounds for Non-Christian Religions]. Basel: Wien, 1967.
Jongeneel, Jan A. B. Jesus Christ in World History: His Presence and Presentation in Cyclical and Linear Settings. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2009.
Kaufman, Gordon D. God, Mystery, Diversity: Christian Theology in a Pluralistic World. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1996.
———. In Face of Mystery: A Constructive Theology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Kraemer, H. “Continuity or Discontinuity.” In Tambaram Series Vol. 1. The Authority of the Faith. New York, 1939.
———. Godsdienst, Godsdiensten En Het Christelijk Geloof. Nijkerk: Callenbach, 1958.
———. Religion and the Christian Faith. London: Lutterworth Press, 1956.
Kraemer, Hendrik. The Christian Message in a Non-Christian World. London, 1938.
———. Waarom Nu Juist Het Christendom?[ Why Now Particularly Christianity?]. Nijkerk: Callenbach, 1960.
McGrath, Alister. The Open Secret: A New Vision for Natural Theology. Malden: Blackwell, 2009.
Newbigin, Lesslie. “The Basis, Purpose and Manner of Inter-Faith Dialogue.” In Scottish Journal of Theology, Vol. 30, 1967.
———. The Finality of Christ. London: SCM Press, 1969.
———. The Gospel in a Pluralist Society. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989.
Ogden, Schubert M. Is There Only One True Religion or Are There Many? Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1992.
Ohm, Thomas. Die Liebe Zu Gott in Den Nichtchristlichen Religionen. Freiburg, 1957.
Petter, Frank. Profanum et Promissio, Het Begrip Wereld in de Missionaire Ecclesiologie van Hans Hoekendijk, Hans Jochem Margull En Ernst Lange. Zoetermeer: Boekencentrum, 2002.
Plantinga, Richard J. “Missionary Thinking about Religious Plurality at Tambaram 1938: Hendrik Kraemer and His Critics.” In The Changing Face of Christianity: Africa, the West and the World, Oxford, edited by Lamin Sanneh and Joel A. Carpenter. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Ratzinger, Joseph. “Die Christliche Glaube Und Die Weltreligionen.” In Gott in Welt, K. Rahner on His 60th Birthday, edited by J. B. Metz, W. Kern, A. Darlapp, and H. Vorgrimler. Freiburg: Wien, 1964.
———. Faith, Truth and Tolerance: Christianity and the World Religions. Tielt: Lanoo, 2005.
———. Truth and Tolerance: Christian Belief and World Religions. Translated by Henry Taylor. San Fransisco: Ignatius Press, 2003.
Rescher, Nicholas. The Strife of Systems: An Essay on the Grounds and Implications of Philosophical Diversity. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985.
Ruokanen, Miikka. The Catholic Doctrine of Non-Christian Religions: According to the Second Vatican Council. Leiden: Brill, 1992.
Schmidt-Leukel, Perry. “Pluralism: How to Appreciate Religious Diversity Theologically.” In Christian Approaches to Other Faiths, edited by Paul M. Hedges and Alan Race. London: SCM Press, 2008.
Visser, Paul J. Heart for the Gospel, Heart for the World, The Life and Thought of a Reformed Pioneer Missiologist Johan Herman Bavinck (1895-1964). Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2003.
Armstrong, Karen. A History of God, Four Thousand Years of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. New York: Ballantine Books, 1995.
Bavinck, J. H. An Introduction to the Science of Missions. Translated by H. Freeman David. Philadelphia: The Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1960.
———. Religieus Besef En Christelijk Geloof. Kampen: Kok, 1989.
Blauw, J. Goden En Mensen: Plaats En Betekenis van de Heidenen in de Heilige Schrift. Groningen: Niemeijer, 1950.
———. “Rijmloos, Overwegingen Bij Het Thema: Evangelie En Religies.” In Christusprediking in de Wereld. Kampen: Kok, 1965.
Byrne, Peter. Prolegomena to Religious Pluralism: Reference and Realism in Religion. Houndmills: MacMillan Press Ltd, 1995.
Droogers, A. F. “‘De Minimale Religiosity van de Meerderheid’, [The Minimal Religiosity of the Majority].” In D. C. Mulder: Religies in Nieuw Perspectief,[Religions from a New Perspective] Offered to D. C. Mulder. Kampen: Kok, 1985.
Griffioen, D. Christelijke Zending En Wereldgodsdiensten: De Godsdiensttheologie van Gustav Warneck, Hendrik Kraemer En J. E. Lesslie Newbigin in Context. Zoetermeer: Boekencentrum, 2007.
Haak, C. J. Gereformeerde Missiologie & Oecumenica: Beknopt Overzicht Aan Het Begin van de 21e Eeuw A.D. Zwolle: De Verre Naasten, 2005.
Heim, S. Mark, ed. Grounds for Understanding: Ecumenical Resources for Responses to Religious Pluralism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995.
———. Salvations: Truth and Difference in Religion. Mary Knoll: Orbis Books, 1995.
———. The Depth of the Riches: A Trinitarian Theology of Religious Ends. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001.
Heislbetz, Josef. Theologische Gründe Der Nichtchristlichen Religionen, [Theological Grounds for Non-Christian Religions]. Basel: Wien, 1967.
Jongeneel, Jan A. B. Jesus Christ in World History: His Presence and Presentation in Cyclical and Linear Settings. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2009.
Kaufman, Gordon D. God, Mystery, Diversity: Christian Theology in a Pluralistic World. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1996.
———. In Face of Mystery: A Constructive Theology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Kraemer, H. “Continuity or Discontinuity.” In Tambaram Series Vol. 1. The Authority of the Faith. New York, 1939.
———. Godsdienst, Godsdiensten En Het Christelijk Geloof. Nijkerk: Callenbach, 1958.
———. Religion and the Christian Faith. London: Lutterworth Press, 1956.
Kraemer, Hendrik. The Christian Message in a Non-Christian World. London, 1938.
———. Waarom Nu Juist Het Christendom?[ Why Now Particularly Christianity?]. Nijkerk: Callenbach, 1960.
McGrath, Alister. The Open Secret: A New Vision for Natural Theology. Malden: Blackwell, 2009.
Newbigin, Lesslie. “The Basis, Purpose and Manner of Inter-Faith Dialogue.” In Scottish Journal of Theology, Vol. 30, 1967.
———. The Finality of Christ. London: SCM Press, 1969.
———. The Gospel in a Pluralist Society. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989.
Ogden, Schubert M. Is There Only One True Religion or Are There Many? Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1992.
Ohm, Thomas. Die Liebe Zu Gott in Den Nichtchristlichen Religionen. Freiburg, 1957.
Petter, Frank. Profanum et Promissio, Het Begrip Wereld in de Missionaire Ecclesiologie van Hans Hoekendijk, Hans Jochem Margull En Ernst Lange. Zoetermeer: Boekencentrum, 2002.
Plantinga, Richard J. “Missionary Thinking about Religious Plurality at Tambaram 1938: Hendrik Kraemer and His Critics.” In The Changing Face of Christianity: Africa, the West and the World, Oxford, edited by Lamin Sanneh and Joel A. Carpenter. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Ratzinger, Joseph. “Die Christliche Glaube Und Die Weltreligionen.” In Gott in Welt, K. Rahner on His 60th Birthday, edited by J. B. Metz, W. Kern, A. Darlapp, and H. Vorgrimler. Freiburg: Wien, 1964.
———. Faith, Truth and Tolerance: Christianity and the World Religions. Tielt: Lanoo, 2005.
———. Truth and Tolerance: Christian Belief and World Religions. Translated by Henry Taylor. San Fransisco: Ignatius Press, 2003.
Rescher, Nicholas. The Strife of Systems: An Essay on the Grounds and Implications of Philosophical Diversity. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985.
Ruokanen, Miikka. The Catholic Doctrine of Non-Christian Religions: According to the Second Vatican Council. Leiden: Brill, 1992.
Schmidt-Leukel, Perry. “Pluralism: How to Appreciate Religious Diversity Theologically.” In Christian Approaches to Other Faiths, edited by Paul M. Hedges and Alan Race. London: SCM Press, 2008.
Visser, Paul J. Heart for the Gospel, Heart for the World, The Life and Thought of a Reformed Pioneer Missiologist Johan Herman Bavinck (1895-1964). Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2003.