Main Article Content
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to theologically analyze the mission of Christian bureaucrats in the Office of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of North Toraja Regency. Through qualitative research methods with observation and interview techniques, it was found that the mission of the church in the government bureaucracy has not been visible, not because of the tendency of Christian bureaucrats to see the relationship between church and government in the framework of the third relationship (total separation), but there are still Christian bureaucrats who see it in the framework of the first relationship (state supremacy over the church). In addition, another influencing factor is that their understanding of mission is still traditional and inherits colonial understanding. However, in general, Christian bureaucrats understand that the relationship between church and government should be seen in terms of partnership, but it is not enough to reach the stage of understanding. Therefore, building a critical-prophetic, positive, creative, and realistic partnership between the church and the government through the mission of Christian bureaucrats is one of the church's mission strategies that needs serious attention and focus. It is important that every Christian who is hypostatized into Christ through the church wherever they are, should act in an eucharistic and sacramental way. Thus, the public sphere and the ecclesiastical sphere are intertwined.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Harun Harun, Sulaiman Manguling, Yan Kristianus Kadang, I Made Suardana, Ezra Tari
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References
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- Alva, Reginald. 2019. “The Spirit‐led Church.” International Review of Mission 108, no. 1 (June): 164–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/irom.12270.
- Aritonang, Jan. S. 2022. Teologi-Teologi Kontemporer. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia.
- Bambangan, Malik. 2020. “Implementasi Menjadi Jemaat Yang Misioner.” Phronesis: Jurnal Teologi Dan Misi 2, no. 2 (August): 124–39. https://doi.org/10.47457/phr.v2i2.37.
- Bevans, Stephen B., and Roger P Schroeder. 2006. Terus Berubah-Tetap Setia: Dasar, Pola, Konteks Misi, Satu. Maumere: Ledalero.
- Bosch, David Jacobus. 1991. Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books.
- Bulan, Susanti Embong, and Patricia Diana Hasibuan. 2019. “Kepemimpinan Dalam Gereja Katolik Paroki Ignatius Loyola Dan Huria Kristen Protestan Setiabudi Menuju Persatuan.” QUAERENS: Journal of Theology and Christianity Studies 1, no. 2 SE-Articles (December). https://doi.org/10.46362/quaerens.v1i2.5.
- Colberg, Kristin. 2018. “Ecclesiology Today and Its Potential to Serve a Missionary Church.” Missiology: An International Review 46, no. 1 (January): 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091829617739842.
- Hammond, Michael D. 2019. “Christian Higher Education in the United States: The Crisis of Evangelical Identity.” Christian Higher Education 18, no. 1–2 (January): 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2018.1554352.
- Handman, Courtney. 2018. “The Language of Evangelism: Christian Cultures of Circulation Beyond the Missionary Prologue.” Annual Review of Anthropology 47, no. 1 (October): 149–65. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-050331.
- Harianja, Doni Herwanto. 2023. “Gereja Dan Misi Menurut Perspektif Lesslie Newbigin Dan Johan Herman Bavinck.” VERBUM CHRISTI JURNAL TEOLOGI REFORMED INJILI 10, no. 1 (April): 37–57. https://doi.org/10.51688/VC10.1.2023.art3.
- Hatta, Ignatius Bambang Sukarno, and Romi Lie. 2022. “Spiritual Entrepreneurship: Memaknai Spiritualitas Kerja Kristen.” HARVESTER: Jurnal Teologi Dan Kepemimpinan Kristen 7, no. 1 (June): 49–64. https://doi.org/10.52104/harvester.v7i1.90.
- Kembuan, Lexie Adrin, and I Wayan Sudarma. 2021. “Pemberdayaan Potensi Jemaat Dalam Membangun Gereja Misioner.” CHARISTHEO: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen 1, no. 1 (September): 87–101. https://doi.org/10.54592/jct.v1i1.6.
- Maritaisi Hia. 2022. “Kajian Eksegetikal Konsep Pengampunan Dan Kasih Di Dalam Perumpamaan Dua Orang Yang Berhutang Berdasarkan Lukas 7:40-43.” Jurnal Salvation 3, no. 1 (July): 22–36. https://doi.org/10.56175/salvation.v3i1.48.
- Nasir, Abdul, Khaf Shah, Rusdy Abdullah Sirodj, and M Win Afgani. 2023. “Pendekatan Fenomenologi Dalam Penelitian Kualitatif.” Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research 3, no. 5 (October): 4445–51. https://doi.org/10.31004/INNOVATIVE.V3I5.5224.
- Nggebu, Sostenis. 2022. “Relevansi Faktor Penentu Perluasan Misi Gereja Mula-Mula Bagi Misi Sedunia.” Excelsis Deo: Jurnal Teologi, Misiologi, Dan Pendidikan 6, no. 2 (December): 134–54. https://doi.org/10.51730/ed.v6i2.97.
- Nggebu, Sostenis, Edward Sitepu, Dominggus Pote, Okki Natanael, Edwin Gandaputra, and Imanuel Kurnia. 2023. “Prinsip Politik Yesus Dalam Rangka Mewujudkan Peradaban Injil Kerajaan Allah.” Phronesis: Jurnal Teologi Dan Misi 6, no. 2 (December): 193–208. https://doi.org/10.47457/phr.v6i2.396.
- Packard, Josh, and Todd W. Ferguson. 2019. “Being Done: Why People Leave the Church, But Not Their Faith.” Sociological Perspectives 62, no. 4 (August): 499–517. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121418800270.
- Pardede, Harold. 2022. “Analisis Peran Gereja Sebagai Penyelenggara Keadilan Sosial Dalam Konteks Bangsa Indonesia.” ULIL ALBAB: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin 1, no. 2: 46–53.
- Parsell, Cameron, and Rose Stambe. 2024. “Christianity, Helping People in Poverty, and Embodied Relationships.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 63, no. 2 (June): 350–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12899.
- Perry, Elizabeth J. 2021. “Missionaries of the Party: Work-Team Participation and Intellectual Incorporation.” The China Quarterly 248, no. S1 (November): 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741021000618.
- Putra, Adi, and Filmon Berek. 2021. “Tinjauan Teologis Terhadap Pandangan Gereja Katolik Tentang Kerajaan Allah Dan Implikasinya Bagi Gereja Masa Kini.” Phronesis: Jurnal Teologi Dan Misi 4, no. 2 (December): 182–93. https://doi.org/10.47457/phr.v4i2.206.
- Ratnaningtyas;, Endah Marendah, Ramli, Syafruddin, Edi Saputra, Desi Suliwati, Bekty Taufiq Ari Nugroho, Karimuddin Muhammad Habibullah Aminy, Nanda Saputra, Khaidir, and Adi Susilo. 2023. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Aceh: Yayasan Penerbit Muhammad Zaini.
- Rusdiono, Ira Patriani, and Ahirul Habib Padilah. 2022. “Dinamika Proses Promosi Jabatan Di Lingkungan Pemerintah Provinsi Kalimantan Barat.” Journal of Social and Policy Issues 2, no. 4 (December): 151–58. https://doi.org/10.58835/jspi.v2i4.64.
- Sembiring, Jonsen. 2019. “Methodist Dan Misi Transformasi.” Jurnal Teologi Anugerah 8, no. 1: 10–24.
- Simanjuntak, Junihot M. 2018. “Belajar Sebagai Identitas Dan Tugas Gereja.” Jurnal Jaffray 16, no. 1 (March): 1. https://doi.org/10.25278/jj71.v16i1.279.
- Smith, Jonathan D. 2017. “Positioning Missionaries in Development Studies, Policy, and Practice.” World Development 90, no. February (February): 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.016.
- Stevanus, Kalis, and Yunianto. 2021. “Misi Gereja Dalam Realitas Sosial Indonesia Masa Kini.” HARVESTER: Jurnal Teologi Dan Kepemimpinan Kristen 6, no. 1 (June): 55–67. https://doi.org/10.52104/harvester.v6i1.61.
- Stilwell, Peter, and Katherine Harman. 2021. “Phenomenological Research Needs to Be Renewed: Time to Integrate Enactivism as a Flexible Resource.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 20, no. January (January): 160940692199529. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406921995299.
- Tampubolon, Yohanes Hasiholan. 2020. “Misi Gereja Di Era Kapitalisme Global: Eksplorasi Pelayanan Misi Yesus.” Societas Dei: Jurnal Agama Dan Masyarakat 7, no. 2 (October): 197–217. https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v7i2.137.
- Tarrapa, Setrianto. 2021. “Implementasi Pendidikan Agama Kristen Yang Relevan Dalam Masyarakat Majemuk Sebagai Dimensi Misi Gereja.” Kurios: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen 7, no. 2 (October): 392–403. https://doi.org/10.30995/kur.v7i2.308.
- Thinane, J. 2022. Conceptualisation of Missio Hominum as an Expression of Imago Dei: From Missio Dei to Missio Hominum. HTS Teologiese Studies/ Theological Studies.
- Thomas, Sandra P. 2021. “Resolving Tensions in Phenomenological Research Interviewing.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 77, no. 1 (January): 484–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14597.
- Verster, Pieter. 2022. “Perspectives on Church and Mission: The Missional Church and Metaphors for the Church.” Verbum et Ecclesia 43, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.4102/VE.V43I1.2379.
- Whelan, Robin. 2018. “Mirrors for Bureaucrats: Expectations of Christian Officials in the Theodosian Empire.” Journal of Roman Studies 108, no. November (November): 74–98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0075435818000254.
- Wita, Gusmira, and Irhas Fansuri Mursal. 2022. “Fenomenologi Dalam Kajian Sosial Sebuah Studi Tentang Konstruksi Makna.” Titian: Jurnal Ilmu Humaniora 6, no. 2 (December): 325–38. https://doi.org/10.22437/titian.v6i2.21211.
- Zebua, Kasieli, and Melianus Hura. 2022. “Sebuah Refleksi Misi Berdasarkan Pemikiran Abraham Kuyper.” Skenoo : Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen 2, no. 1 (June): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.55649/skenoo.v2i1.20.
References
Adiprasetya, Joas. 2022. “Kehadiran Yang Setia Di Ruang Publik.” Jurnal Teologi 11, no. 1 (May): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.24071/jt.v11i01.4512.
Alva, Reginald. 2019. “The Spirit‐led Church.” International Review of Mission 108, no. 1 (June): 164–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/irom.12270.
Aritonang, Jan. S. 2022. Teologi-Teologi Kontemporer. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia.
Bambangan, Malik. 2020. “Implementasi Menjadi Jemaat Yang Misioner.” Phronesis: Jurnal Teologi Dan Misi 2, no. 2 (August): 124–39. https://doi.org/10.47457/phr.v2i2.37.
Bevans, Stephen B., and Roger P Schroeder. 2006. Terus Berubah-Tetap Setia: Dasar, Pola, Konteks Misi, Satu. Maumere: Ledalero.
Bosch, David Jacobus. 1991. Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books.
Bulan, Susanti Embong, and Patricia Diana Hasibuan. 2019. “Kepemimpinan Dalam Gereja Katolik Paroki Ignatius Loyola Dan Huria Kristen Protestan Setiabudi Menuju Persatuan.” QUAERENS: Journal of Theology and Christianity Studies 1, no. 2 SE-Articles (December). https://doi.org/10.46362/quaerens.v1i2.5.
Colberg, Kristin. 2018. “Ecclesiology Today and Its Potential to Serve a Missionary Church.” Missiology: An International Review 46, no. 1 (January): 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091829617739842.
Hammond, Michael D. 2019. “Christian Higher Education in the United States: The Crisis of Evangelical Identity.” Christian Higher Education 18, no. 1–2 (January): 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2018.1554352.
Handman, Courtney. 2018. “The Language of Evangelism: Christian Cultures of Circulation Beyond the Missionary Prologue.” Annual Review of Anthropology 47, no. 1 (October): 149–65. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-050331.
Harianja, Doni Herwanto. 2023. “Gereja Dan Misi Menurut Perspektif Lesslie Newbigin Dan Johan Herman Bavinck.” VERBUM CHRISTI JURNAL TEOLOGI REFORMED INJILI 10, no. 1 (April): 37–57. https://doi.org/10.51688/VC10.1.2023.art3.
Hatta, Ignatius Bambang Sukarno, and Romi Lie. 2022. “Spiritual Entrepreneurship: Memaknai Spiritualitas Kerja Kristen.” HARVESTER: Jurnal Teologi Dan Kepemimpinan Kristen 7, no. 1 (June): 49–64. https://doi.org/10.52104/harvester.v7i1.90.
Kembuan, Lexie Adrin, and I Wayan Sudarma. 2021. “Pemberdayaan Potensi Jemaat Dalam Membangun Gereja Misioner.” CHARISTHEO: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen 1, no. 1 (September): 87–101. https://doi.org/10.54592/jct.v1i1.6.
Maritaisi Hia. 2022. “Kajian Eksegetikal Konsep Pengampunan Dan Kasih Di Dalam Perumpamaan Dua Orang Yang Berhutang Berdasarkan Lukas 7:40-43.” Jurnal Salvation 3, no. 1 (July): 22–36. https://doi.org/10.56175/salvation.v3i1.48.
Nasir, Abdul, Khaf Shah, Rusdy Abdullah Sirodj, and M Win Afgani. 2023. “Pendekatan Fenomenologi Dalam Penelitian Kualitatif.” Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research 3, no. 5 (October): 4445–51. https://doi.org/10.31004/INNOVATIVE.V3I5.5224.
Nggebu, Sostenis. 2022. “Relevansi Faktor Penentu Perluasan Misi Gereja Mula-Mula Bagi Misi Sedunia.” Excelsis Deo: Jurnal Teologi, Misiologi, Dan Pendidikan 6, no. 2 (December): 134–54. https://doi.org/10.51730/ed.v6i2.97.
Nggebu, Sostenis, Edward Sitepu, Dominggus Pote, Okki Natanael, Edwin Gandaputra, and Imanuel Kurnia. 2023. “Prinsip Politik Yesus Dalam Rangka Mewujudkan Peradaban Injil Kerajaan Allah.” Phronesis: Jurnal Teologi Dan Misi 6, no. 2 (December): 193–208. https://doi.org/10.47457/phr.v6i2.396.
Packard, Josh, and Todd W. Ferguson. 2019. “Being Done: Why People Leave the Church, But Not Their Faith.” Sociological Perspectives 62, no. 4 (August): 499–517. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121418800270.
Pardede, Harold. 2022. “Analisis Peran Gereja Sebagai Penyelenggara Keadilan Sosial Dalam Konteks Bangsa Indonesia.” ULIL ALBAB: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin 1, no. 2: 46–53.
Parsell, Cameron, and Rose Stambe. 2024. “Christianity, Helping People in Poverty, and Embodied Relationships.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 63, no. 2 (June): 350–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12899.
Perry, Elizabeth J. 2021. “Missionaries of the Party: Work-Team Participation and Intellectual Incorporation.” The China Quarterly 248, no. S1 (November): 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741021000618.
Putra, Adi, and Filmon Berek. 2021. “Tinjauan Teologis Terhadap Pandangan Gereja Katolik Tentang Kerajaan Allah Dan Implikasinya Bagi Gereja Masa Kini.” Phronesis: Jurnal Teologi Dan Misi 4, no. 2 (December): 182–93. https://doi.org/10.47457/phr.v4i2.206.
Ratnaningtyas;, Endah Marendah, Ramli, Syafruddin, Edi Saputra, Desi Suliwati, Bekty Taufiq Ari Nugroho, Karimuddin Muhammad Habibullah Aminy, Nanda Saputra, Khaidir, and Adi Susilo. 2023. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Aceh: Yayasan Penerbit Muhammad Zaini.
Rusdiono, Ira Patriani, and Ahirul Habib Padilah. 2022. “Dinamika Proses Promosi Jabatan Di Lingkungan Pemerintah Provinsi Kalimantan Barat.” Journal of Social and Policy Issues 2, no. 4 (December): 151–58. https://doi.org/10.58835/jspi.v2i4.64.
Sembiring, Jonsen. 2019. “Methodist Dan Misi Transformasi.” Jurnal Teologi Anugerah 8, no. 1: 10–24.
Simanjuntak, Junihot M. 2018. “Belajar Sebagai Identitas Dan Tugas Gereja.” Jurnal Jaffray 16, no. 1 (March): 1. https://doi.org/10.25278/jj71.v16i1.279.
Smith, Jonathan D. 2017. “Positioning Missionaries in Development Studies, Policy, and Practice.” World Development 90, no. February (February): 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.016.
Stevanus, Kalis, and Yunianto. 2021. “Misi Gereja Dalam Realitas Sosial Indonesia Masa Kini.” HARVESTER: Jurnal Teologi Dan Kepemimpinan Kristen 6, no. 1 (June): 55–67. https://doi.org/10.52104/harvester.v6i1.61.
Stilwell, Peter, and Katherine Harman. 2021. “Phenomenological Research Needs to Be Renewed: Time to Integrate Enactivism as a Flexible Resource.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 20, no. January (January): 160940692199529. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406921995299.
Tampubolon, Yohanes Hasiholan. 2020. “Misi Gereja Di Era Kapitalisme Global: Eksplorasi Pelayanan Misi Yesus.” Societas Dei: Jurnal Agama Dan Masyarakat 7, no. 2 (October): 197–217. https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v7i2.137.
Tarrapa, Setrianto. 2021. “Implementasi Pendidikan Agama Kristen Yang Relevan Dalam Masyarakat Majemuk Sebagai Dimensi Misi Gereja.” Kurios: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen 7, no. 2 (October): 392–403. https://doi.org/10.30995/kur.v7i2.308.
Thinane, J. 2022. Conceptualisation of Missio Hominum as an Expression of Imago Dei: From Missio Dei to Missio Hominum. HTS Teologiese Studies/ Theological Studies.
Thomas, Sandra P. 2021. “Resolving Tensions in Phenomenological Research Interviewing.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 77, no. 1 (January): 484–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14597.
Verster, Pieter. 2022. “Perspectives on Church and Mission: The Missional Church and Metaphors for the Church.” Verbum et Ecclesia 43, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.4102/VE.V43I1.2379.
Whelan, Robin. 2018. “Mirrors for Bureaucrats: Expectations of Christian Officials in the Theodosian Empire.” Journal of Roman Studies 108, no. November (November): 74–98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0075435818000254.
Wita, Gusmira, and Irhas Fansuri Mursal. 2022. “Fenomenologi Dalam Kajian Sosial Sebuah Studi Tentang Konstruksi Makna.” Titian: Jurnal Ilmu Humaniora 6, no. 2 (December): 325–38. https://doi.org/10.22437/titian.v6i2.21211.
Zebua, Kasieli, and Melianus Hura. 2022. “Sebuah Refleksi Misi Berdasarkan Pemikiran Abraham Kuyper.” Skenoo : Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen 2, no. 1 (June): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.55649/skenoo.v2i1.20.